Contemporary childhood is traversed by different fields of scientific knowledge that
establish conditions of existence regarded as ideal, shape forms of care, and delimit
discursive practices, permeating multiple social dispositifs. Among these, the medical
sciences have established themselves as privileged forms of knowledge about the
child subject, producing standards and classifications for the most diverse aspects of
everyday life. We are witnessing an increasing reliance on diagnostic practices,
through which developmental and learning processes, as well as relational aspects of
children's lives, are interpreted and signified according to nosographic categories
within a broader process of the medicalization and pathologization of childhood. By
producing subjects compatible with the demands of neoliberalism, medicine has
become a key strategy of government. Discussing the modes of children's
subjectivation therefore requires, first and foremost, understanding childhood as a
historical construction that, in contemporary society, is shaped by the effects of
neoliberal rationality. Only from this perspective is it possible to analyze the various
dispositifs and technologies involved in governing childhood, including social medicine
and psychiatry, whose effects participate in the constitution of child subjects. Guided
by this theoretical framework, this article presents the study The Meanings Attributed
to Childhood: The Discourse of Caregivers and Education Professionals, based on
interviews with family caregivers and educators and on an analysis of discursive
practices. The findings reveal the individualization of the causes of learning difficulties,
the naturalization of biomedical parameters, and the centrality of diagnostic categories
in participants' discourses through which child subjects are interpreted and signified.
More than merely describing childhood, these categories orient practices, organize
institutions, and contribute to the production of contemporary childhood and specific
modes of subjectivation.
Keywords: childhood; pathologization; subjectivation; neoliberalism.
1. Introdução
A infância contemporânea tem sido marcada por uma crescente prática
diagnóstica que tem contribuído para a padronização de aspectos do
desenvolvimento, da aprendizagem e das relações e tem classificado os sujeitos
infantis a partir de novos padrões de normalidade e anormalidade. Cada vez mais a
infância tem sido interpretada a partir de saberes psiquiátricos e biomédicos e
significadas segundo nomenclaturas e categorias nosográficas. No entanto, é possível
percebermos que, mais que um aumento no número de crianças diagnosticadas, tem
se modificado o modo como a infância é compreendida e conceitos e representações
de um campo de saber específico têm sido incorporados por outros campos de
saberes como o educacional, político e social.