A Revista Eletrônica Língua Viva é uma publicação semestral vinculada ao Centro de Pesquisa Linguística da Amazônia - CEPLA, da Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia - UNIR e aberta à comunidade acadêmica que se dedica a pesquisa nas áreas da humanidade, cultura e linguagem das comunidades africanas, afro-diaspóricas, indígenas e ribeirinhas da Amazônia, incluindo as áreas de fronteiras. Seu principal propósito é a divulgação da pesquisa, estimular a publicação e o debate acadêmico acerca da ampla temática referente às questões contextualizadas africanas, indígenas e amazônicas. A Revista Eletrônica Língua Viva divulga artigos, comunicações, resenhas, teses, dissertações, com periodicidade semestral, estando aberta não só à comunidade acadêmica, mas também a instituições civis que corroborem com a produção do conhecimento, dentro do objetivo da revista, desde que tenham sido previamente apresentados, analisados e aprovados pelos consultores e conselheiros editoriais da mesma..
PRONOMINALIZAÇÃO EM ORO WARAM (ORO WARI’ NORTE, PACAAS NOVAS, TXAPAKURA): FORMAS CONDICIONADAS PELO TAM
Este trabalho tem por objetivo lançar algumas reflexões sobre os marcadores pronominais e suas diversas expressões a partir do condicionante TAM (tempo, modo e aspecto) nos dados do Oro Waram, variante do Oro Wari (Pacaás Novos), família isolada Txapakura, cujo trabalho encontra-se em fase de descrição. A variante Oro Waram possui uma estrutura analítica. A ordem dos constituintes oracionais é VOS. Entre o V e o O aparecem as formas pronominais, indicando a noção gramatical de número (singular, plural, inclusivo e exclusivo), pessoa (1ª., 2ª. e 3ª.) e gênero (m., f. e n.). Por tratar-se de língua com estrutura analítica, será nas palavras gramaticais que ocorrerá uma fusão de número-pessoa-gênero. Nas formalizações pronominais, nem sempre a marca do pronome será a mesma para as 3s. pessoas, e isso será condicionada pelo TAM (Tempo, Aspecto e Modo). Por exemplo: o marcador de 1ª. pessoa pronominal com função de sujeito de uma oração principal (presente ou passado) é ‘ʔna’; na forma de futuro será ‘taʔ’. Apesar de não ser uma língua ergativa, há uma cisão na forma dos marcadores pessoais. Nesse caso, suspeitamos, com os dados iniciais, que a expressão de pessoa tem condicionantes semelhantes aos da ergatividade, mas no caso do Oro Waram, a transitividade não engatilhará o sistema ergativo-absolutivo. Dixon (1994) propõe para a mistura dos sistemas de caso nominativo-acusativo e absolutivo-ergativo 4 fatores, a saber: natureza semântica do verbo principal; natureza semântica do NP núcleo; condição do tempo, aspecto e do modo da oração; status gramatical da cláusula: se principal ou subordinada. A análise provisória dos dados permite dizer que a manifestação de pessoa, em Oro Waram, é condicionada pelos dois últimos fatores propostos por Dixon (2004), mesmo não sendo língua com tipologia ergativa.
MARCAÇAO DIFERENCIAL DO OBJETO EM BANTU E EM TUPÍ-GUARANI
A presente pesquisa busca mostrar que línguas bantu e línguas da família linguística Tupi-guarani exibem marcação diferencial do objeto. Para examinar tal fenômeno, centro minha atenção principalmente em três línguas, a saber: o Guarani, o Ka’apor e o Changana. É importante salientar que o Changana, também conhecida na literatura como Xitchangana, é uma das várias línguas nativas catalogadas pelo atlas geográfico de Moçambique. Pertence ao ramo de línguas Níger-Congo e é uma língua majoritariamente falada no distrito de Gaza e em Maputo, região sudeste de Moçambique. Changana é ainda falada na África do Sul e no Zimbabwe, países estes que se situam na região de fronteira com Moçambique. Já o Ka’apor e o Guarani são línguas indígenas brasileiras e ambas pertencem à família linguística Tupí-Guaraní, Tronco Tupí. O Ka’apor é falado por cerca de 1000 pessoas e suas aldeias se localizam no estado do Maranhão, na região nordeste do Brasil. O Guarani, por sua vez, é falado na região sul do Brasil, na Argentina e no Paraguaio. Para mais detalhes sobre o Guarani remeto o leitor à tese de doutorado de Martins (2003).
O INVENTÁRIO FONÉTICO E FONOLÓGICO DOS SEGMENTOS VOCÁLICOS DA LÍNGUA URU EU WAU WAU: UMA PESQUISA PRELIMINAR
O presente artigo tem o objetivo de realizar um estudo sobre o inventário fonético e fonológico dos segmentos vocálicos da língua Uru Eu Wau Wau, pertencente ao subgrupo Kagwahib, do ramo VI, da família linguística Tupi-Guarani (TG), tronco Tupi, falada na TI Uru Eu Wau Wau. O referido estudo compreende basicamente a construção de uma base de dados representativos da família linguística indígena do povo Uru Eu Wau Wau, que de acordo com os dados, obtivemos informações estatísticas importantes como, por exemplo, o número máximo e/ou mínimo de fonemas registrados na língua, os fonemas de maior e/ou menor ocorrência, entre outras. Sabe-se, que ao longo do século XX, muitos estudos foram desenvolvidos à luz das teorias linguísticas sobre diversas línguas indígenas brasileiras, para fins de descrição fonética e fonológica, bem como, uma produção de conhecimentos para o reconhecimento, valorização e preservação dessas línguas, por conseguinte, de sua cultura. Após reunir uma bibliografia disponível sobre a língua Uru Eu Wau Wau, foi feita uma leitura crítica sobre o inventário fonético e fonológico dos segmentos vocálicos da língua Uru Eu Wau Wau, a fim de fazer uma análise fonológica dos segmentos vocálicos apresentados com base nos autores Netto & Moraes (1992), e também, Sampaio (1998). Dessa maneira, será possível realizar o estudo fonêmico da língua indígena, para a conversão da linguagem oral em código escrito (Silva, 2013). Numa futura pesquisa, fazer um levantamento de dados (corpus lexical, fonético e fonológico) para uma completa descrição da língua Uru Eu Wau Wau.
Antônia de Fátima Galdino da Silva Vezzaro
LEVANTAMENTO SOBRE AS POLÍTICAS LINGUÍSTICAS DO ENSINO DAS LÍNGUAS OFICIAIS NA FRONTEIRA BRASIL/BOLÍVIA, GUAJARÁ-MIRIM/GUAYARAMERIM PARA BRASILEIROS E BOLIVIANOS
A língua é elemento primordial de uma cultura, em outras palavras, a atividade linguística é elemento constitutivo das identidades culturais de um povo. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem por finalidade apresentar o levantamento das políticas linguísticas adotadas para o atendimento aos alunos em escolas da fronteira Brasil/Bolívia, Guajará-Mirim/Guayaramerim. Trata-se de uma análise de dados coletados através de uma pesquisa de campo realizada em duas escolas da rede pública de ensino da cidade de Guajará-Mirim/RO e em duas escolas da rede pública de ensino da cidade Guayaramerim/BO. Nossa reflexão inscreve-se nos procedimentos teóricos e analíticos adotados pela pesquisa da Sociolinguística, através de uma pesquisa de campo e entrevistas. As políticas linguísticas existem para reforçar a relevância da diversidade linguística em diferentes contextos, bem como, dinamizar a relação entre a língua e a sociedade, num constante processo de mudanças. Nessa pesquisa apresentaremos a relevância das políticas linguísticas adotadas em escolas da rede pública de ensino numa área fronteiriça, para a valorização da identidade linguística desse lugar. E, assim, considerar o ambiente escolar como um valioso instrumento de interação da linguagem.
DENOMINAÇÕES BANTU PARA INSTRUMENTOS MUSICAIS: UM ESTUDO HISTÓRICO-COMPARATIVO
A presente dissertação está fundamentada nos princípios da Linguística Histórica- Comparativa, que trata de estabelecer o parentesco entre as línguas e interpreta não só a semelhança entre as raízes lexicais, mas, principalmente, as semelhanças entre as estruturas gramaticais e, assim, mostra as consequências de uma mesma origem. Propõe-se fazer um levantamento de dados nas várias línguas/dialetos bantu para identificar, descrever e analisar os possíveis cognatos para instrumentos musicais das quatro classificações: aerofones (chifre, flauta, trompete); cordofones (arco-musical, cítara, harpa, guitarra); idiofones (cabaça, chocalho, lamelofone, sino, xilofone); membranofones (tambor, cuíca). Trabalhou-se com as proto-formas bantu reconstruídas (cf. BLR 3 – Reconstruções Lexicais Bantu) objetivando encontrar, selecionar e analisar os grupos de reflexos referentes à cada forma. Propôs-se contribuições de forma complementar às reconstruções do BLR 3 e vinte e três novas propostas de reconstruções etimológicas, algumas para instrumentos musicais que ainda não existem reconstruções. Formulou-se regras fonético/fonológicas para explicar os fenômenos ocorridos em cada língua/dialeto, diante dos grupos de reflexos para as reconstruções já existentes, e também de outros grupos de cognatos presumidos. Constatou-se mudanças semânticas prováveis encontradas em alguns grupos de cognatos para as propostas etimológicas e em grupos de reflexos referentes à algumas formas reconstruídas. Exemplo: *[ːᵐ í] ‘Arco Musical, Guitarra, Harpa’/ *[ʧ ːᶮʤ ] ‘Lamelofone, Chocalho, Cítara’/ *[d ːᵑ ] ‘Cítara, Harpa, Flauta, Lamelofone’/ *[b da] ‘Lamelofone, Xilofone’/ °[ʧaːᵑ a] ‘Chocalho, Harpa’/ °[ɛːᵐbɛ] ‘Lamelofone, Xilofone’. O levantamento de dados resultou de pesquisas bibliográficas nos mais de 4.000 títulos entre dicionários, léxicos, gramáticas e artigos consignados ao MCL – Mestrado em Ciências da Linguagem, da Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus de Guajará- Mirim pelo prof. Dr. Jean-Pierre Angenot.
O RIO COMANDAVA A VIDA: O EXTRATIVISMO, A AGROPECUÁRIA E O SÓCIOAMBIENTALISMO NA AMAZÔNIA
O processo histórico de conquista europeia na região Amazônica configurou uma economia e uma população distintas do restante do país. Tradicionalmente o homem e a sociedade amazônica têm sido acusados de anacrônicos em razão de seu modo de vida predominantemente extrativista. Essa maneira de ver a Amazônia muito tem de preconceitos valorativos baseados na ignorância da formação histórica da região desde antes da chegada do europeu. A exploração dos recursos naturais foi de tal maneira praticada, que até depois da metade do século passado a floresta amazônica continuava a apresentar-se praticamente em sua integralidade. Talvez por isso tudo salte aos olhos as aceleradas modificações que vêm ocorrendo na região nos últimos cinquenta anos. O homem amazônico sempre respondeu às demandas de sua relação com o meio ambiente. Criou nesse enorme território uma sociedade e um tipo de cultura singular e rico. É dessas transformações e da tragédia de um anacronismo mal pensado que aqui trataremos.
OS INSTRUMENTOS MUSICAIS BRASILEIROS AEROFONES, CORDOFONES, IDIOFONES E MEMBRANOFONES DE ORIGEM BANTU
Este artigo pretende mostrar com base na dissertação de mestrado: Denominações Bantu para Instrumentos Musicais: Um Estudo Histórico- Comparativo (Menezes, 2013), as possíveis origens bantu para alguns termos relacionados e atestados como bantuísmos brasileiros presumidos de acordo com (Angenot, Angenot de Lima e Maniacky, 2013 – Glossário de Bantuísmos Brasileiros Presumidos), especificamente, para instrumentos musicais. A metodologia utilizada foi de caráter bibliográfico, visando identificar e comparar os grupos de cognatos correspondentes a cada forma encontrada no Brasil, nos dados que foram levantados nas várias línguas do domínio bantu.
UMA BREVE ABORDAGEM TIPOLÓGICA DOS PROCESSOS DE INCORPORAÇÃO EM LÍNGUAS AMERÍNDIAS
A incorporação nominal é um mecanismo em que o nome com a função sintática de argumento interno, em alguns casos também de argumento externo, de um verbo transforma-se em um modificador desse verbo, tendo como resultado um verbo complexo com um argumento menos que o verbo original. Os estudos funcional-tipológicos das línguas ameríndias mostram que o complexo nome-verbo resultante forma uma única palavra fonológica, seguindo os padrões fonológicos da formação de palavras da língua em questão. Além disso, em várias línguas amazônicas somente nomes obrigatoriamente possuídos, sobretudo partes do corpo, podem ser incorporados. Em se tratando da incorporação nominal de nomes, subcategorizados como alienáveis, há redução da valência do verbo, mas ao se incorporar um nome com a propriedade semântica de inalienável, a valência do verbo não é afetada.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE IPALA-NGOYA, KIMBUNDU AND UMBUNDU TONE-CASES SYSTEMS
This article is a revised versionn on a previous communication presented at the 2011 Berlin Bantu Conference, Humboldt University, by the two first coauthors.
GLOSSÁRIO DE BANTUISMOS BRASILEIROS PRESUMIDOS
Esse e-books apresenta aos estudiosos uma série de Bantuísmos brasileiros, ampliando os estudos acerca do gênero e promovendo uma maior discursão sobre a temática.
QUAND LES PREFIXES NOMINAUX BANTU DE CLASSES 9/10 CESSENT D’ÊTRE DES ARCHISEGMENTS NASALS SYLLABIQUES
Contesta-se a alegação geral de que o PN de classe 9.10 do protobantu teria se mantido no nível de sua representação subjacente abstrata em todo o conjunto das mais de quinhentas línguas atuais. Demonstraremos que a maioria dessas línguas sofreram um processo diacrônico de enfraquecimento articulatório gradual caracterizado pela substituição do arquisegmento nasal silábico com tom baixo por um infrasegmento nasal silábico nasal dito flutuante.
A LEITURA E A PRODUÇÃO TEXTUAL NO AMBIENTE ESCOLAR: PROMOÇÃO DE PRÁTICAS DE LEITURA E ESCRITA
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MORICITY AND THE CONTRASTIVE OR ALLOPHONIC VOWEL DURATION TYPES
The mora is used in phonology for representing thesegmental length. The two way vowel length contrast is expressed through a monomoraic vs. bimoraïc distinction (McCarthy & Prince, 1986, Hayes, 1989), as, for example, in Luganda: [okusona] “to sew”versus [okuso,na] “to take by surprise”:
DESCRIPTION PHONOLOGIQUE, GRAMMATICALE ET LEXICALE DU MORE, LANGUE AMAZONIENNE DE BOLIVIE ET DU BRESIL
La description grammaticale proposée ci-dessous se rattache à une tradition méthodologique de description de langues de tradition purement orale, généralement non-indoeuropéennes – le plus souvent africaines - qui s’est consolidée dans certains centres de recherche ethnolinguistique, comme, notamment, celui du Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale de Tervuren, en Belgique et de l’école bantouiste de l’Université de Leiden, en Hollande. Le sous-bassement théorique qui reflète la formation sur laquelle se fonde le présent travail est essentiellement tributaire d’un certain nombre de travaux africanistes de base structuraliste et générativiste. Ma formation principale a été postscolaire : elle est particulièrement redevable à un ensemble de descriptions auxquelles j’ai eu accès en « fouinant » dans la vaste bibliothèque personnelle que mon époux, Jean-Pierre Angenot, a ramené d’Afrique quand il s’est installé au Brésil en 1975. Sous la houlette – discrète mais toujours disponible – de mon époux, je me suis familiarisée méthodologiquement avec ces nombreuses descriptions et comparaison des langues bantoues, tout en vivant au fin fond de la forêt amazonienne. Après la conclusion de mon « master’s degree » en 1997, j’ai été ainsi amenée à fréquenter virtuellement la compagnie quotidienne de linguistes tels que MM. A. Emiel Meeussen, Jan Voorhoeve, André Coupez, Jaap J. Spa, Jean Doneux, Thilo Schadeberg, Jacques L. Vincke, Marcel Kadima, Claire Grégoire, Yvonne Bastin, Barbara Kempf et Jean-Pierre Angenot, parmi tant d’autres. Pourquoi une telle influence prépondérante africaniste plutôt qu’amérindianiste? Pour diverses raisons d’ordre essentiellement politique liée à l’histoire coloniale, en plus des circonstances personnelles que je viens de narrer. Il est un fait indéniable que depuis plus d’un siècle - depuis Bleek puis Meinhof, en passant par Doke, Guthrie et en aboutissant à Meeussen et Voorhoeve – s’est consolidée toute une tradition scientifique en linguistique africaine qui n’a commencé que relativement récemment mais avec un long retard à se développer de mode similaire aux Etats Unis et aux Pays Bas dans le domaine des langues amérindiennes, principalement d’Amazonie. Toutefois, l’élaboration de cette description de la langue moré est aussi fortement redevable à la formation que j’ai reçue pendant le cours de Maîtrise en Linguistique du “Centro de Pesquisas Linguísticas da Amazônia” de l’Université Fédérale de Rondônia; C’est là, au campus de Guajará- Mirim, que m’ont été entrouvertes pour la première fois les portes des théories linguistiques contemporaines, notamment, dans le domaine de la phonologie, la Géométrie des Traits et la Théorie de l’Optimalité. Les modèles théoriques de la linguistique sur lesquels cette description est articulée sont essentiellement ceux qui découlent de la tradition du structuralisme bloomfieldien revigorée par divers courants de pensée contemporains. En ce qui concerne la phonologie (cf. Chapitre 2), je présente, en guise d’introduction succinte, une description phonémique, que je considère être une première étape indispensable lorsque l’objet traité est une langue « exotique » qui n’a jamais été décrite auparavant. La confiabilité des interprétations phonologiques repose sur une identification préalable des segments phonétiques attestés en moré, qui a été obtenue instrumentalement à la suite des analyses acoustiques que j’ai réalisées entre 1996 et 1997 en utilisant les systèmes WINCECIL et Speech Analyser mis au point par le SIL puis, à partir de 1998, en recourant au système PRAAT développé par Paul Boersma et ses collègues d’Amsterdam, pour d’ultimes vérifications de données. Je propose ensuite, de façon détaillée, un traitement (morpho)phonologique plus abstrait et plus complexe réalisé dans un cadre conceptuel mixte qui intègre à la fois une approche conceptuelle développée par la Phonologie Naturelle de Stampe et une approche formaliste propre à la théorie post-générative dite non-linéaire, avec une emphase toute spéciale sur les modèles de la Phonologie Lexicale et Post-lexicale de Kiparsky et de Mohanan, de la Géométrie des Traits de Clements et de la Phonologie Moraique de Hayes. Enfin, pour conclure, est esquissée une invitation à une recherche d’explications expérimentales selon la toute récente théorie de l’Optimalité Fonctionnaliste proposée par Boersma (1998). Quant à l’approche théorique suivie pour la description grammaticale du moré, l’apport conceptuel de la théorie générative et transformationnelle est indéniable bien qu’assez peu assumé du point de vue formaliste, en raison principalement d’un moindre controle de ma part des modèles syntaxiques plus récents. L’analyse proposée ici sest voulue essentiellement fidèle à la reproduction des faits de langue observés et cela de façon pragmatique sans allégeance à tel ou tel modèle morphosyntaxique particulier. La démarche méthodologique suivante a été adoptée : à partir des structures générales de la langues auxquelles s’appliquent, le cas échéant, un nombre minimal de prescriptions simplificatrices, sont identifiées des structures syntaxiques de surface, lesquelles sont (morpho)phonologisées au niveau du lexique. Un ensemble de règles structurelles génère donc, de mode algorythmique, les structures syntaxiques sous-jacentes de la langue. Ces structures abstraites sont dites profondes par opposition à celles qui sont qualifiées de superficielles, dans la mesure où elles ne sont pas nécessairement susceptibles d’être phonologisées directement, devant, dans tel cas, souffrir certaines modifications avant de l’être. Ces transformations éventuelles sont essentiellement des régles morphologiques de simplification qui consistent en des sous-entendements, c’est-à-dire des effacements, de certains morphèmes ou syntagmes. Occasionnellement, ces règles peuvent toutefois consister à insérer l’un ou l’autre élément adventice afin d’éviter des risques d’ambiguïtés. Puisque leur principale fonction consiste à simplifier les structures auxquelles elles s’appliquent sans toutefois mettre en cause leur intelligibilité sur le plan sémantique et voire pragmatique, ces règles sont téléologiquement régies par le principe universel dit « du moindre effort ». Il convient d’observer que les règles de « transformation morphologique » proposées ici sont souvent moins abstraites que celles permises par la tradition chomskyenne et post-chomskyenne. En effet, alors que les structures syntaxiques superficielles phonologisées ici décrites correspondent aux registres de langue attestés par l’usage normal et spontané, les structures abstraites que je dénomme sous-jacentes ne pourront jamais être taxées de vues de l’esprit, de constructions de linguiste que le degré d’abstraction rendrait inacessibles à la conscience linguistique des locuteurs dont je prétends expliquer la langue. Bien au contraire. Toutes les structures que je qualifierai de sous-jacentes reflètent diverses facettes de la conscience de mes informateurs, lesquels, contre toute attente, se permettent toujours de réaliser phonétiquement telles quelles, tout en insistant sur le fait que ces productions peu courantes ne sont acceptables que dans un contexte ultra spécifique d’explicitation extrèmement marqué, presque forcené. Par exemple, la phrase qui signifie « Le jaguar regarde le sorcier » et est prononcée [ cCIRic| nn| *Ikxat| cCInam| ] a une représentation (morpho)phonologique qui est / kitik # naù-/n # /ikas # kinam /, laquelle constitue, pour sa part, la phonologisation lexicale de la structure syntaxique superficielle « regarder # I-M # sorcier # jaguar ». Toutefois, comme il sera démontré, cette structure superficielle est elle-même dérivée d’une structure sous-jacente plus abstraite identifiée comme « regarder # R1-M=I # PRE=R1-M # sorcier # jaguar », dans laquelle les éléments soulignés seront effacés par l’application de règles morphologiques spécifiques de sous-entendement . En principe, dans le «bon usage » normal de la langue moré, cette structure sous-jacente détaillée n’est jamais phonologisée. Toutefois, en essence, elle n’en est pas moins phonologisable, pouvant être réalisée dans des contextes pragmatiques très marqués sous la forme super-explicitée **[ cCIRic| kx na pakxn| *Ikxat| cCInam| ]. Par convention, les doubles astérisques précèdent les phonologisations normalement absentes dans les registres stylistiques usuels. En conclusion, cet exemple atteste le caractère d’abstraction contrôlée et non débridé des structures sous-jacentes proposées, dont les propres informateurs natifs du moré légitiment toujours le caractère de réalité psychologique. L’ensemble des règles nécessaires et suffisantes pour dériver les structures syntaxiques superficielles du moré qui seront présentées en cours de chapitre sont d’abord regroupées sous la forme d’un premier inventaire global qui est destiné à faciliter le maniement du lecteur. Il sera suivi par un second inventaire qui regroupe l’ensemble des règles de phonologisation des morphèmes individuels susceptibles de se concaténer dans les différentes syntagmes. Quant aux règles morphosyntaxiques qui expliquent les simplifications de certaines structures sous-jacentes en d’autres superficielles, elles auraient pu aussi être regroupées en un troisième inventaire préalable. Toutefois, étant donné leur caractère spécifique, elles seront décrites dans les sections concernées tout au long du chapitre 4.
ASPECTOS DA MORFOSSINTAXE DO GUARANI MBYA
A língua guarani é membro do ramo I, da família Tupi-Guarani e compreende algumas variedades faladas na Bolívia, no Paraguai, na Argentina e no Brasil. No território brasileiro é representada por três grandes grupos: os nhandéva (txiripá), os kaiwá (kayová) e os mbyá (mbüá, mbiá) (Rodrigues, 1986:39). O mbya é o representante mais meridional das variedades do Guarani e, ao mesmo tempo, é o grupo mais disperso: pode ser encontrado, atualmente, em grande parte do território brasileiro (no RS, passando por SC, PR, SP, RJ e ES) assim como no Paraguai e Argentina. Grupos Mbya vivem também na região norte do Brasil e segundo Ladeira (1992), são originárias de um mesmo grande grupo que veio para o Brasil após a Guerra do Paraguai. Separados em grupos familiares, vivem, atualmente, no Pará (município de Jacundá), em Tocantins numa das áreas Karajá de Xambioá e na região centro-oeste onde podem ser encontradas poucas famílias.
ZOONIMIA HISTÓRICO-COMPARATIVA BANTU: OS CINCO GRANDES HERBÍVOROS AFRICANOS
Propõe-se identificar e explicar os possíveis cognatos testados na mais de 600 Línguas bantu para os cincos grandes herbívoros africanos (elefante, búfalo, girafa, hipopótamo e rinoceronte). Pois observou-se que nas línguas aparentadas existem correspondências sistemática entre os cognatos principalmente no que se refere a estruturação gramatical. Levantou-se portanto um número significativo de cognatos e partir das semelhanças e diferenças entre si, propomos reconstruções de étimo a nível de Protobantu, de grupos de línguas, de regiões e de zonas linguísticas. A dissertação é fundamentada nos princípios básicos da Linguística Histórica-Comparattiva, ciência que investiga os mecanismos de mudanças e cria teorias plausíveis para os fenômenos linguísticos que ocorrem nas línguas naturais, e partindo dessa ciência formulou-se regras de mudanças fonético/fonológicas, para explicar as evoluções que ocorreram em cada língua filha a partir do Proto-bantu, (língua hipotética considerada proto-língua das línguas bantu atuais). O levantamento dos dados resultou de pesquisas bibliográficas em 2.996 títulos, entre dicionários, léxicos, artigos e gramáticas disponibilizadas na biblioteca do MCL- Mestrado em Ciências da Linguagem/UNIR, referentes as Línguas africanas em geral e as Línguas bantu em particular, tanto a nível de classificação genética e tipológica (cf. Guthrie 1948, Greenberg 1955) quanto de reconstruções etimológicas (cf. Meeussen 1980, Bastin & Shandeberg 2011). O método utilizado para a análise dos dados é o Histórico-Comparativo que procura explicar através dos fenômenos linguísticos as semelhanças óbvias entre palavras pertencentes a diferentes línguas ou dialetos admitindo que essas línguas são relacionadas entre si o que permite reconstruir uma língua ancestral comum a essas línguas. Apresentar-se-á também algumas características, como o habitat e também a distribuições geográficas e linguísticas dos cincos herbívoros africanos.
INVENTÁRIO DOS ÉTIMOS NOMINAIS PROTO-BANTU: 1.550 RECONSTRUÇÕES
Esse trabalho é um levantamento etimológico proto-bantu. Foi feito a partir dos étimos nominais proto-bantu, considerando o seu sistema fonológico, as subdivisões da família bantu e as zonas e grupos onde elas se encontram.
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar alguns aspectos linguisticos, demográficos e xamânicos da etnia Aruá, de Rondônia. Apesar das escassas fontes para fins de pesquisa acerca dos Aruá, foi possível constatar que o grupo pertence à família linguística Tupi-Mondé, e estão localizados entre a Terra Indígena Guaporé e Terra Indígena Rio Branco, em Rondônia. Utilizam, como prática xamânica, o rapé, através da aspiração do pó de angico. A metodologia utilizada foi essencialmente bibliográfica.
FONOTÁTICA E FONOLOGIA DO LEXEMA PROTOCHAPAKURA
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Proponho uma reconstrução do sistema fonotático e fonológico do lexema Protochapakura, com base numa análise sincrônico-comparativa das línguas documentadas, na qual focalizei as características tipológicas Panchapakura. No primeiro capítulo, apresento uma síntese detalhada do “state of the art” dos estudos Chapakura: identificação e localização das línguas extintas e vivas, evolução demográfica dos povos Chapakura, materiais disponíveis sobre cada língua e bibliografia exaustiva. No segundo capítulo, mostro que os lexemas de todas as línguas Chapakura compartilham alguns traços tipológicos fortíssimos, tanto no plano fonotático da estruturação intersilábica quanto no plano da fonologia prosódica. No terceiro capítulo, descrevo esquematicamente os sistemas fonológicos segmentais das treze línguas documentadas (Wari’, Moré, Miguelenho-Wanyam, Oro Win, Kuyubi, Chapakura, Kitemoka, Napeka, Urupá, Yaru, Torá, Muré e Rokorona), destacando, para cada língua, as tabelas fonêmicas e alofônicas, as restrições fonotáticas intrassilábicas e exemplificações de todos os alofones contextualizados . No quarto capítulo, reconstruo o sistema fonotático (restrições intra e intersilábicas) e o sistema fonológico do lexema Protochapakura, com base nas regras de correspondência entre os protofonemas e seus reflexos atuais, que dão conta do inventário dos conjuntos de étimos e cognatos monolexicais. 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Um olhar sobre a diversidade sociolinguística e cultural dos povos indígenas de Rondônia
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Este breve texto visa tão somente abordar a questão da diversidade sociolingüística e cultural dos povos indígenas do estado de Rondônia, destacando mesmo que de forma modesta a força e a resistência que esses povos possuem. Mesmo diante de muitas transformações ocorridas na cultura e na história desses povos, eles ainda possuem uma riqueza étnica, cultural e lingüística importante. Vale ressaltar, também, que a riqueza e a diversidade de suas culturas e línguas influenciam a sociedade como um todo. No entanto, não podemos ignorar ou agir de forma preconceituosa diante desta causa nobre que é a sobrevivência e a valorização dos povos indígenas não só de Rondônia, mas de todo o país. <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>PT-BR</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning /> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents /> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps /> 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<![endif]-->
As raízes do sincretismo religioso afro-brasileiro
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>PT-BR</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /> <w:Word11KerningPairs /> <w:CachedColBalance /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math" /> <m:brkBin m:val="before" /> <m:brkBinSub m:val=" " /> <m:smallFrac m:val="off" /> <m:dispDef /> <m:lMargin m:val="0" /> <m:rMargin m:val="0" /> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup" /> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440" /> <m:intLim m:val="subSup" /> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr" /> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]-->A base histórica sobre a qual o sincretismo foi possível na cultura religiosa européia, africana e indígena. O contexto do surgimento do cristianismo, o cristianismo na Península Ibérica, o Islamismo e sua expansão para a África Subsaariana, a Expansão Marítima, a excravidão moderna e o sicretismo no Brasil.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6" 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Um encontro intermulticultural de águas brasivianas
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]-->No presente artigo, pretendo mostrar um conjunto de peculiaridades regionais, específico de uma comunidade brasileira, que reside em seringais bolivianos no departamento de Pando. Os seringueiros vivem no Rio Mamu, na fronteira Brasil/Bolívia e chegam até lá, através do Rio Abunã, este último, localizado em território brasileiro. Esta comunidade que sobrevive especificamente da extração do látex e da colheita da castanha, habitam a região desde o auge da Batalha da Borracha (1942-1945), porém há depoimentos de remanescentes que afirmam a existência de seringueiros que habitaram esta região desde o primeiro ciclo da borracha. Diante do exposto, pretendo analisar a relação existente na história deste povo, levando em consideração, três eixos principais: linguagem, cultura e sociedade.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>PT-BR</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning /> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents /> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps /> </w:Compatibility> 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<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]-->Esta edição é fruto de estudos e pesquisas conjuntas de Docentes e Discentes do Mestrado em Ciências da Linguagem/UNIR, em Guajará-Mirim, Estado de Rondônia, na fronteira Brasil/Bolívia. Do lugar de onde é produzido, reflete preocupações, pesquisas diversas e tentativas de lidar com os fenômenos linguísticos tão relevantes e tão semelhantes quando se trata de línguas em contato, especialmente em regiões fronteiriças, dentro de uma visão planetária como propõe Morin (2001), quando escreve: “Estamos na era planetária; uma aventura comum conduz os seres humanos, onde quer que se encontrem. 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Sociolinguística: dos primórdios a aplicação educacional
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]-->A complexidade do fenômeno lingüístico vem, há muito, desafiando a compreensão dos estudiosos (PETTER, 2005, p. 11). A história ocidental está marcada por vários momentos e maneiras diversas pelas quais se visualizaram as questões relativas à Linguagem. De Platão (427 - 347 a. C) a Santo Agostinho (354 a 430), dos Estóicos (Séc. III a. C.) a Condillac (1715-1780), de Leibniz (1646 a 1716) a Wittgenstein (1889 a 1951) houve sempre pensadores para quem a linguagem constituiu tema de reflexão específica - filosófica, cognitiva, sociológica, lógica, biológica, comparativa – sendo, em tudo, fonte de perplexidades, elaborações de teorias e, sobretudo, enigmas. <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>PT-BR</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> 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Sociolinguística e Dialetologia : uma educação linguística para valorizar o outro
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> A Sociolinguística, desde seu surgimento em 1964, através de seus pesquisadores, articula a linguagem com os aspectos de ordem social e cultural. Os estudos realizados estão voltados para os fenômenos linguísticos na inter-relação da Língua. A Sociolinguística pode ser definida como o estudo da variação na língua. Ao considerar como objetivo da Sociolinguística a diversidade linguística, pode-se destacar a relevância do fato que ocorre quando línguas ou dialetos entram em contato. Esses encontros de variações linguísticas podem revelar, além de empréstimos e interferências, atitudes sociolinguísticas e preconceitos linguísticos. <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>PT-BR</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning /> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents /> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps /> </w:Compatibility> 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Os critérios e a metodologia da sociolinguística no levantamento e na análise da contribuição das línguas africanas às variedades do português vernáculo brasileiro
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ASPECTOS MORFOLÓGICOS DO FALAR AFRO-GUAPOREANO
O processo de colonização e povoamento no Vale do Guaporé ocorreu no contexto de disputa entre a colônia portuguesa e espanhola, levando à assinatura do Tratado de Madri que sucedeu em 1750. Os negros foram trazidos da África como mão-de-obra escrava para satisfazer a ambição desmedida dos exploradores na busca do ouro e conquista de territórios. Durante a colonização pelos estrangeiros, com objetivo de adquirir à força e explorar a magnificência do Vale do Guaporé, várias missões foram fundadas próximas às minas de Mato Grosso, por exemplo, Santa Rosa, São Miguel, São Simão, Pouso Alegre; esta última foi elevada em 1746 à categoria de município com o nome de Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade.
SOCIOLINGUÍSTICA E DIALETOLOGIA AMAZÔNICA/AMAZÔNIDA: CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE LINGUAGEM, CULTURA, SOCIEDADE E EDUCAÇÃO
A Linguagem, eixo norteador do Curso de Mestrado em Ciências da Linguagem, tem oferecido base teórica para estudos científicos sobre a linguagem humana. As discussões sobre concepções de língua/linguagem, reflexões sobre a relação entre linguagem e sociedade, linguagem e educação fizeram-se necessárias. Tudo isso, conduziu-nos, em particular, a refletir sobre a realidade Amazônica em aspectos linguísticos, sociais, culturais e educacionais na Amazônia. Declaramos que, como membro do Grupo de Pesquisas Sociolingüísticas – GEPS, que tem como parâmetros Língua, Cultura e Sociedade Amazônica/Amazônida, entre os quais estão os estudos sobre Variação Dialetal, Língua(gem) e Ensino de Língua Portuguesa Materna, teceremos considerações, neste capítulo, sobre o tema Sociolinguística e Dialetologia Amazônica/Amazônida: Linguagem, Cultura e Sociedade. Dessa maneira, cabe ao sociolinguísta considerar a relação entre língua e sociedade, como ponto de partida, uma vez que a língua existe enquanto interação social em função de um contexto sócio-histórico. Neste capítulo, saberemos um pouco sobre Sociolinguística e Dialetologia; Amazônia: Características da região e da sociedade; Sociolinguística em sala de aula: variação linguística e educação, contudo, sem pretensões de esgotar as discussões acerca do assunto.
ESTUDOS SOCIOLINGUÍSTICOS SOBRE OS RIBEIRINHOS DO VALE DO GUAPORÉ EM PIMENTEIRAS/RO
A proposta para desenvolvermos um trabalho junto à comunidade Ribeirinha do Vale do Guaporé foi apresentada como projeto de pesquisa ao nosso curso de Mestrado em Ciências da Linguagem, da Universidade Federal de Rondônia, campus de Guajará-Mirim. Somou-se aos nossos objetivos as proposições do grupo de pesquisa Língua, Cultura e Sociedade Amazônica/Amazônida – GEPS – Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas Sociolinguísticas, da Universidade Federal de Rondônia, no Campus de Vilhena, do qual fazemos parte como pesquisadora. Nossa linha de pesquisa é “Sociolinguística, Línguas, Linguagens e Culturas Amazônicas/Amazônidas”, e tem como objetivo investigar a situação Sociolinguística de Grupos linguísticos minoritários, na constituição da Sociedade Amazônica/Amazônida. Além disso, pretende-se investigar sobre as Línguas e as Linguagens, bem como sobre a Cultura e o Ensino dessas Línguas e Linguagens, na Rede Pública de Ensino, no sentido de verificar um ensino/aprendizagem que considere a diversidade Linguístico-Cultural existente nesse espaço social. Neste sentido, faremos aqui uma abordagem com o intuído de situar nosso leitor em um ambiente de vida e interação social bastante amplo, visto que consideraremos todo um contexto étno-linguístico-social da comunidade eleita como foco das nossas atenções que, neste estudo é, especificamente, a população Ribeirinha, do Vale do Guaporé, na região de Pimenteiras, RO.